Penguins huddle together during extreme weather conditions primarily to conserve heat and protect themselves from the harsh Antarctic climate. By clustering tightly, they reduce their exposed surface area, which minimizes heat loss to the frigid air. This behavior is especially crucial during blizzards or extreme cold, as it allows them to maintain their body temperature and conserve energy that would otherwise be spent on keeping warm.
Additionally, the huddling behavior provides a social structure that can enhance survival. Penguins take turns moving between the inner and outer layers of the huddle; those on the inside benefit from warmth while those on the outside rotate in to get warm. This cooperative strategy not only helps individual penguins survive but also strengthens group cohesion, which is vital for their breeding and social interactions in such a challenging environment.