The Industrial Revolution marked a pivotal shift in both social and economic structures during the 18th and 19th centuries, driven by groundbreaking technological advancements such as the steam engine and mechanized textile production. These innovations not only increased productivity but also led to the establishment of factories, which centralized work and drew masses of people from rural areas into rapidly growing urban centers. This mass urbanization resulted in significant demographic changes, with cities expanding dramatically as they became hubs of industrial activity.
Economically, the Industrial Revolution transformed labor markets by shifting the workforce from agriculture-based jobs to factory work, often under harsh conditions and long hours. This shift contributed to the rise of distinct social classes, including a burgeoning middle class of factory owners and professionals, alongside a working class that faced significant challenges. Additionally, the revolution facilitated global trade networks as nations sought raw materials for their industries and new markets for their manufactured goods, leading to increased international competition and economic interdependence. Overall, these transformations laid the groundwork for modern economies and societal structures that continue to influence our world today.