The vibrant colors of the aurora borealis, or northern lights, are created when charged particles from the solar wind interact with Earth’s magnetic field and atmosphere. These solar particles, primarily electrons and protons, are drawn toward the polar regions, where they collide with gases such as oxygen and nitrogen at high altitudes.
The energy released during these collisions causes the gases to become “excited,” resulting in stunning light displays. The specific colors produced depend on the type of gas involved and its altitude: for instance, oxygen at higher altitudes can emit red and green hues, while nitrogen can produce purples and blues. This captivating phenomenon not only showcases the beauty of nature but also illustrates the dynamic interactions between solar activity and Earth’s atmospheric conditions.